Outlines of the Science and Technology System: A Look into the Past for Forming Policy for the Development of the Next Generation Ecosystem. Part 1
Research Article
Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to the referee for a number of substantial and profound comments which made it possible to significantly change and add important arguments and conclusions. The author also expresses gratitude to Ch. T. Laumulin for numerous discussions of various aspects of the topic of this work. The article was prepared within the framework of grant funding for scientific research of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2021–2023 as part of the project of program-targeted financing of the scientific and technical program OR 11465474 “Scientific Foundations for the Modernization of the Education and Science System”.
How to Cite
Aryngazin A.K. Outlines of the Science and Technology System: A Look into the Past for Forming Policy for the Development of the Next Generation Ecosystem. Part 1. Science Management: Theory and Practice. 2023. Vol. 5. No. 4. P. 27-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2023.5.4.2 (in Russ.).
Abstract
Overcoming stagnation in the scientific and technological system or, more broadly, in the national innovation ecosystem, which can be described as “the right researchers in a faulty system”, implies, as a start, an analysis of the existing structure, status and roles of its key elements. Strategic and framework planning as a way to allocate resources and determine actions to achieve national or regional goals can be undermined if national policies on the legal and regulatory environment, improvements in physical and institutional infrastructure, support programs and funding mechanisms do not provide a push in the right direction or, moreover, it does not develop and implement a comprehensive framework for innovation. By analyzing the traditional aspects of the state and recent changes in the country’s scientific and educational system and relying on independent opinions and a survey of primary sources conducted in 2022, in the context of international experience, we identify its current values and the models that produce these values in a mixed economy.
Keywords:
science and technology system, management, innovation ecosystem
References
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27. Zborovsky, G. E. and Ambarova, P. A. (2022). Scientific and pedagogical staff as a social community in the changing conditions of academic development. The Education and Science Journal. Vol. 24, no. 5. P. 147–180. (In Russ.). DOI 10.17853/1994-5639-2022-5-147-180.
28. Choi, M. and Choi, H. (2015). Foresight for science and technology priority setting in Korea. Foresight and STIGovernance. Vol. 9, no. 3. P. 54–67. DOI 10.17323/1995-459x.2015.3.54.65.
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2. Launonen, M. and Viitanen, J. (2022). The global best practice for managing innovation ecosystems and hubs [Russ. ed.: Peredovoi mirovoi opyt upravleniya innovatsionnymi ekosistemami i khabami]. Transl. from English ; translation ed. by A. K. Aryngazin. Astana : Indigo Print. 398 p. (In Russ.).
3. UNESCO science report: The race against time for smarter development. (2021). / S. Schneegans, T. Straza and J. Lewis (eds). Paris : UNESCO Publishing. 739 p. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433 (accessed: 08.11.2023).
4. Technology and innovation report 2021 (2021). UNCTAD. Available at: https://unctad.org/page/technology-and-innovation-report-2021 (accessed: 08.11.2023).
5. White, K. (2019). Publications output: U.S. trends and international comparisons. Science and Engineering Indicators, December 17. Available at: https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20206/publication-output-by-region-country-or-economy (accessed: 08.11.2023).
6. Aryngazin, A. K. (2023). Brutto assessment of the early stage of research activity. Science Management: Theory and Practice. Vol. 5, no. 1. P. 104–127. (In Russ.). DOI 10.19181/smtp.2023.5.1.7.
7. Hauss, K. (2021). What are the social and scientific benefits of participating at academic conferences? Insights from a survey among doctoral students and postdocs in Germany. Research Evaluation. Vol. 30, no. 1. P. 1–12. DOI 10.1093/reseval/rvaa018.
8. Yakunin, V. I., Sulakshin, S. S., Vilisov, M. V. and Sokolov, D. V. (2013). Nauka i vlast'. Problema kommunikatsii [Science and power. Communication problem]. Moscow : Directmedia. 248 p. (In Russ.).
9. Semenov, E. V. (2021). Science and innovation in modern Russia: Problems and proposals. Science Management: Theory and Practice. Vol. 3, no. 4. P. 10–12. (In Russ.).
10. Krivoruchko, V. V. (2021). On key measures to further reform Russian science. Science Management: Theory and Practice. Vol. 3, no. 4. P. 36–43. (In Russ.). DOI 10.19181/smtp.2021.3.4.4.
11. Roth, A. E. (2002). The economist as engineer: Game theory, experimentation, and computation as tools for design economics. Econometrica. Vol. 70, no. 4. P. 1341–1378. DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00335.
12. Ostrom, E. (2005). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton, NJ ; Oxford: Princeton University Press. xv, 355p.
13. Vsemirnyi bank v Kazakhstane. Obzor deyatel'nosti [World Bank in Kazakhstan. Business overview] (2020). World Bank, April. Available at: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/899951587968179006-0080022020/render/KazakhstanSnapshotSpring2020ru.pdf (accessed: 09.11.2023). (In Russ.).
14. The Global competitiveness report, 2017–2018. (2018). World Economic Forum. P. 11–12. Available at: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2017-2018/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2017–2018.pdf (accessed: 20.01.2023).
15. Natsional'nyi doklad po nauke [National science report] (2020). Nur-Sultan ; Almaty, Kazakhstan. 238 p. National Academy of Science Republic of Kazakhstan. Available at: https://nauka-nanrk.kz/assets/assets/Доклад/Нацдоклад по науке__19__10__2020.pdf (accessed: 18.09.2022). (In Russ.).
16. Aghion, P., Bloom, N., Blundell, R., Griffith, R. and Howitt, P. (2005). Competition and innovation: An inverted-U relationship. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Vol. 120, no. 2. P. 701–728.
17. Competition and Innovation. Part I. A theoretical perspective (2023). : OECD competition policy roundtable background note. 14 June, 2023. OECD. Available at: https://one.oecd.org/document/DAF/COMP(2023)2/en/pdf (accessed: 10.11.2023).
18. Griffith, R. and Reenen, J. V. (2021). Product market competition, creative destruction and innovation : Discussion paper, no. 1818. London : Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science.
19. Promyshlennoe razvitie v SNG: est' li usloviya dlya narashchivaniya potentsiala reindustrializatsii? [Industrial development in the CIS: Are there conditions for increasing the potential of reindustrialization?] (2017). : Analytical report. Moscow : Statistika Rossii. 223 p. (In Russ.).
20. V usloviyakh neopredelennosti global'noi ekonomiki, kakoi put' izberet Tsentral'naya Aziya? Investitsionnaya privlekatel'nost' stran Tsentral'noi Azii [In the face of global economic uncertainty, which path will Central Asia take? Investment attractiveness of Central Asian countries]. November 2022. 60 p. (2022). Ernst and Yang Kazakhstan. Available at: https://assets.ey.com/content/dam/ey-sites/ey-com/ru_kz/topics/attractiveness/ey-central-asia-attractiveness-survey-2022.pdf (accessed: 20.01.2023). (In Russ.)
21. Ibraev, A. Zh., Belyaeva, G. N., Ponomareva, N. I. and Kozbagarova, G. A. (2022). Informatsionno-analiticheskii spravochnik: Nauka Kazakhstana v tsifrakh. 2017–2021 gody [Information and analytical directory: Science of Kazakhstan in numbers, 2017–2021]. Almaty : National Center of Science and Technology Evaluation, 2022. 87 p. (In Russ.).
22. Sandel, M. J. (2020). The tyranny of merit: What’s become of the common good? London : Penguin Random House UK. 288 p.
23. Natsional'nyi doklad po nauke [National science report] (2021). Nur-Sultan ; Almaty, Kazakhstan. 250 p. National Academy of Science Republic of Kazakhstan. Available at: https://nauka-nanrk.kz/assets/2021/доклад гот/Нац-доклады рус-13-12-2021.pdf (accessed: 27.11.2022). (In Russ.).
24. Roche, M. P. (2020). Taking innovation to the streets: Microgeography, physical structure, and innovation. The Review of Economics and Statistics. Vol. 102, no. 5. P. 912–928. DOI 10.1162/rest_a_00866.
25. Penfield, T., Baker, M. J., Scoble, R. and Wykes, M. C. (2013). Assessment, evaluations, and definitions of research impact: A review. Research Evaluation. Vol. 23, no. 1. P. 21–32. DOI 10.1093/reseval/rvt021.
26. Efimova, G. Z., Sorokin, A. N. and Gribovskiy, M. V. (2021). Ideal teacher of higher school: Personal qualities and socio-professional competencies. The Education and Science Journal. Vol. 23, no. 1. P. 202–230. (In Russ.). DOI 10.17853/1994-5639-2021-1-202-230.
27. Zborovsky, G. E. and Ambarova, P. A. (2022). Scientific and pedagogical staff as a social community in the changing conditions of academic development. The Education and Science Journal. Vol. 24, no. 5. P. 147–180. (In Russ.). DOI 10.17853/1994-5639-2022-5-147-180.
28. Choi, M. and Choi, H. (2015). Foresight for science and technology priority setting in Korea. Foresight and STIGovernance. Vol. 9, no. 3. P. 54–67. DOI 10.17323/1995-459x.2015.3.54.65.
29. Haas, D. (2023). Kazakhstan could be key to Europe’s energy transition. Emerging Europe. January 25. Available at: https://emerging-europe.com/news/kazakhstan-could-be-key-to-europes-energy-transition/ (accessed: 05.02.2023).
30. Link, A. N. (2021). Knowledge transfers from federally funded research and development centers. Science and Public Policy. Vol. 48, no. 4, August. P. 576–581. DOI 10.1093/scipol/scab029.
31. Scholten, W., Franssen, T. P., Drooge, L., Rijcke, S. and Hessels, L. K. (2021). Funding for few, anticipation among all: Effects of excellence funding on academic research groups. Science and Public Policy. Vol. 48, no. 2. April. P. 265–275. DOI 10.1093/scipol/scab018.
32. Klypin, A. V. (2016). Gosudarstvennoe finansirovanie prikladnoj nauki v Rossii [Government funding of applied science in Russia]. Science. Innovation. Education. Vol. 11, no. 1 (19). P. 34–54. (In Russ.).
33. Chvanova, M. S., Kiseleva, I. A. and Samokhvalov, А. V. (2022). Training of specialists in knowledge-intensive areas in the United Kingdom. Perspectives of Science and Education. No. 4 (58). P. 74–95. (In Russ.). DOI 10.32744/pse.2022.4.5.
34. Vernadsky, V. I. (1989). «Ya — nerazryvnaya chast' naroda»: Razmyshlenija po agrarnomu voprosu [“I am an inseparable part of the people”: Reflections on the agrarian question]. Vestnik AN SSSR. No. 7. P. 102–114. (In Russ.).
35. Romanovskij, S. (2004). «Pritashchennaya» nauka [“Dragged” science]. St. Petersburg : St. Petersburg University Publ. 346 p. (In Russ.).
36. Abdildin, Zh. M. (2000). Sobranie sochinenii [Collected works] : in 5 vols. Almaty : Oner. Vol. 1. 397 p. (In Russ.).
37. Nekipelov, A. D. (2000). Put' v XXI vek (strategicheskie problemy i perspektivy rossiiskoi ekonomiki) [The path to the 21st century (strategic problems and prospects for the Russian economy)] Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Vol. 70, no. 1. P. 87–89. (In Russ.).
38. Government at a glance 2021 (2021). Paris : OECD Publishing. 280 p. DOI 10.1787/1c258f55-en.
39. General government spending. OECD Data. Available at: https://data.oecd.org/gga/general-government-spending.htm (accessed: 24.12.2022).
40. Managing public money, 2021, HM Treasury (2021). GOV.UK. Available at: https://gov.uk/government/publications/managing-public-money (accessed: 09.11.2023).
Article
Received: 17.10.2023
Accepted: 25.12.2023
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Aryngazin, A. K. (2023). Outlines of the Science and Technology System: A Look into the Past for Forming Policy for the Development of the Next Generation Ecosystem. Part 1. Science Management: Theory and Practice, 5(4), 27-54. https://doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2023.5.4.2
Section
Science and Technology Policy
