The Expanding Universe: at the Crossroads of Historical and Scientific Concepts (to the 100th Anniversary of the Discovery of A. A. Fridman)
Research Article
How to Cite
Vizgin V.P. The Expanding Universe: at the Crossroads of Historical and Scientific Concepts (to the 100th Anniversary of the Discovery of A. A. Fridman). Science Management: Theory and Practice. 2022. Vol. 4. No. 2. P. 233-256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2022.4.2.19 (in Russ.).
Abstract
The article is devoted to the centenary of a discovery by A. A. Fridman of the expanding Universe theory, which was rightly assessed by the scientific community as a scientific and universal feat. This discovery and its perception by the scientific community are considered in the article on the basis of various historiographic concepts: traditional scientific and scientificbiographical approaches, the epistemology of virtues, mistakability concept of the development of scientific knowledge, etc. These considerations all made it possible to betterunderstand the triumph and tragedy of the great discovery.
Keywords:
Expanding Universe theory, relativistic cosmology, A. Einstein, A. A. Fridman, cosmological constant, stationary and non-stationary solutions of the equations of gravity, Chebyshev-Lyapunov-Steklov tradition, epistemology of virtues, mistakability concept of the development of scientific knowledge, philosophical perception of the theory, scientific and cultural parallelism
References
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7. Gamov, G. (1994). My World Line. An Informal Autobiography [Russ. ed.: Moya mirovaya liniya: Neformal’naya avtobiografiya]. Transl. from Eng. Ju. I. Lisnevskii. Moscow: Nauka publ. 304 p. (In Russ.).
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9. Fridman, A. A. (1963). O krivizne prostranstva [About the curvature of space]. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. Vol. 80, issue 3. P. 439–446. (In Russ.).
10. Grib, A. A. (2008). Osnovnye predstavleniya sovremennoi kosmologii [Basic concepts of modern cosmology]. Moscow: Fizmatlit publ. 108 p. (In Russ.).
11. North, J. (2020). Cosmos: an Illustrated History of Astronomy and Cosmology [Russ. ed.: Kosmos. Illyustrirovannaya istoriya astronomii i kosmologii]. Transl. from Eng. K. V. Ivanov. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. 1104 p. (In Russ.).
12. Еllis, G. F. R. (1989). The expanding Universe: A history of cosmology from 1917 to 1960. In: Einstein and the history of general relativity. Ed. by D. Howard, J. Stachel. Boston, Basel, Berlin: Birkhaeuser. P. 367–431.
13. Belen’kii, A. (2012). «Vody, v kotorye ya vstupayu, ne peresekal eshche nikto». Aleksandr Fridman i istoki sovremennoi kosmologii [“No one has crossed the waters I am entering yet.” Alexander Friedman and the origins of modern cosmology]. Science First Hand. No. 5 (47). P. 6–25. (In Russ.).
14. Fok, V. A. (1963). Raboty A.A. Fridmana po teorii tyagoteniya Einshteina [A.A. Friedman’s works on Einstein’s theory of gravitation]. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. Vol. 80, issue 3. P. 353–356. (In Russ.).
15. Vizgin, V. P. (1989). Rol’ matematiki v vospriyatii fundamental’nykh fizicheskikh teorii (na materiale teorii otnositel’nosti i kvantovoi mekhaniki v Rossii i SSSR) [The role of mathematics in the perception of fundamental physical theories (based on the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics in Russia and the USSR)]. Istoriko-matematicheskie issledovaniya. Issue 31. P. 75–88. (In Russ.).
16. Polak, L. S. (1966). Zhizn’ i nauchnoe tvorchestvo A. A. Fridmana [The life and scientific work of A. A. Friedman]. In: Fridman, A. A. Izbrannye Trudy [Selected works]. Moscow: Nauka publ. P. 427–447. (In Russ.).
17. Ivanenko, D. D. (1994). Epokha Dzhordzha Gamova glazami sovremennika [The Era of George Gamow through the eyes of a contemporary]. In: Gamov, G. (1994). My World Line. An Informal Autobiography [Russ. ed.: Moya mirovaya liniya: Neformal’naya avtobiografiya]. Transl. from Eng. Ju. I. Lisnevskii. Moscow: Nauka publ. P. 231–292. (In Russ.).
18. Frederiks, V. K. (1921). Obshchii printsip otnositel’nosti Einshteina [Einstein’s general principle of relativity]. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. Vol. 2, issue 2. P. 162–188. (In Russ.).
19. Fridman, A. A. (1923). Mir kak prostranstvo i vremya [The world as space and time]. Peterburg: Academia. 131 p. (In Russ.).
20. Kasavin, I. T. (2019). Virtue epistemology: on the 40th anniversary of the turn in analytical philosophy. Epistemology & Philosophy of Science. Vol. 56, no. 3. P. 6–19. DOI: 10.5840/eps201956341 (In Russ.).
21. Karimov, A. R. (2019). Epistemologiya dobrodetelei [Epistemology of virtues]. St‑Petersburg: Aleteia publ. 590 p. (In Russ.).
22. Epistemology & Philosophy of Science (2021). Vol. 58, no. 4. 227 p. (In Russ.).
23. Vizgin, V. P. (2021). Albert Einstein’s epistemic virtues and vices. Epistemology & Philosophy of Science. Vol. 58, no. 4. P. 175–195. DOI: 10.5840/eps202158468 (In Russ.).
24. Gorelik, G. E. (2013). Kto izobrel sovremennuyu fiziku? Ot mayatnika Galileya do kvantovoi gravitatsii [Who invented modern physics? From Galileo’s pendulum to quantum gravity]. Moscow: AST: CORPUS publ. 334 p. (In Russ.).
25. Vizgin, V. P. (2019). S. I. Vavilov: «…na oshibkakh vyrastaet nauka» [S.I. Vavilov: “... science grows on mistakes”]. Issledovaniya po istorii fiziki i mekhaniki. 2016–2018 [Research on the history of physics and mechanics. 2016–2018]. Moscow: Janus. P. 287–318. (In Russ.).
26. Weinberg, S. (2005). Einstein’s mistakes. Physics Today. Vol. 58, no. 10. P. 31–35.
27. Livio, M. (2015). Ot Darvina do Einshteina: Velichaishie oshibki genial’nykh uchenykh, kotorye izmenili nashe ponimanie zhizni i Vselennoi [From Darwin to Einstein: The greatest mistakes of brilliant scientists who changed our understanding of life and the universe]. Moscow: AST publ. 628 p. (In Russ.).
28. Dyson, F. (2017). Dreams of Earth and sky [Russ. ed.: Mechty o Zemle i nebe]. St-Petersburg. 368 p. (In Russ.).
29. Bronshtein, M. P. (1931). Sovremennoe sostoyanie relyativistskoi kosmologii [The current state of relativistic cosmology]. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. Vol. 11, issue 1. P. 124–184. (In Russ.).
30. Vizgin, V. P. and Tomilin, K. A. (2019). Vikhri i turbulentnosti v vospriyatii i razvitii teorii otnositel’nosti v SSSR [Vortices and turbulence in the perception and development of the theory of relativity in the USSR]. In: Vikhrevaya dinamika razvitiya nauki i tekhniki. SSSR/Rossiya. Vtoraya polovina XX veka. Vol. III [Vortex dynamics of the development of science and technology. USSR/Russia. The second half of the twentieth century. Vol. III]. Moscow: IHST RAS; Saratov: Amirit publ. P. 270–334. (In Russ.).
31. Weinberg, S. (1981). The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe [Russ. ed.: Pervye tri minuty: sovremennyi vzglyad na proiskhozhdenie Vselennoi]. Moscow: Energoizdat publ. 208 p. (In Russ.).
32. Vizgin, V. P. (2014). Teoriya otnositel’nosti za predelami tochnogo estestvoznaniya: Rossiya, 1920-e gody [The Theory of relativity beyond the Limits of Exact Natural Science: Russia, 1920s]. In: Issledovaniya po istorii fiziki i mekhaniki. 2012-2013 [Research on the history of physics and mechanics. 2012-2013]. Moscow: Fizmatlit. P. 155–191. (In Russ.).
33. Vizgin, V. P. (2017). Istoriko-nauchnyi kommentarii k poeme M.A. Voloshina «Putyami Kaina. Tragediya material’noi kul’tury» [Historical and scientific commentary on the poem by M.A. Voloshin “The Ways of Cain. The Tragedy of material culture”]. Metafizika. No. 2 (24). P. 114–137. (In Russ.).
34. Kozhevnikov, A. B. (2019). Kul’turnaya sreda teorii Bol’shogo vzryva [The cultural environment of the Big Bang Theory]. Stimul. September 11. URL: stimul.online/articles/science-and-technology/kulturnaya-sreda-teorii-bolshogo-vzryva/ (accessed 26.04.2019). (In Russ.).
2. Tegmark, M. (2017). Our mathematical Universe [Russ. ed.:. Nasha matematicheskaya Vselennaya. V poiskakh fundamental’noi prirody real’nosti]. Moscow: AST: CORPUS publ. 592 p. (In Russ.).
3. Zel’dovich, Ya. B. (1963). Teoriya rasshiryayushcheisya Vselennoi, sozdannaya A.A. Fridmanom [The theory of the expanding Universe, created by A.A. Friedman]. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. Vol. 80, issue 3. P. 357–390. (In Russ.).
4. Fridman, A. A. (1966). Izbrannye Trudy [Selected works]. Ed. by L. S. Polak. Moscow: Nauka publ. 463 p. (In Russ.).
5. Pamyati A. A. Fridmana (k 75-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya) [In memory of A. A. Friedman (to the 75th anniversary of his birth)]. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. Vol. 80, issue 3. P. 357–390. (In Russ.).
6. Soloviev, V. O. (2015). How Friedmann had shod Einstein. Naukograd. No. 4. P. 29–35. (In Russ.).
7. Gamov, G. (1994). My World Line. An Informal Autobiography [Russ. ed.: Moya mirovaya liniya: Neformal’naya avtobiografiya]. Transl. from Eng. Ju. I. Lisnevskii. Moscow: Nauka publ. 304 p. (In Russ.).
8. Leont’ev, V. V. (1990). Ekonomicheskie esse: Teorii, issledovaniya, fakty i politika [Economic Essays: Theories, Research, Facts and Politics]. Transl. from Eng. Мoscow: Politizdat publ. 414 p.
9. Fridman, A. A. (1963). O krivizne prostranstva [About the curvature of space]. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. Vol. 80, issue 3. P. 439–446. (In Russ.).
10. Grib, A. A. (2008). Osnovnye predstavleniya sovremennoi kosmologii [Basic concepts of modern cosmology]. Moscow: Fizmatlit publ. 108 p. (In Russ.).
11. North, J. (2020). Cosmos: an Illustrated History of Astronomy and Cosmology [Russ. ed.: Kosmos. Illyustrirovannaya istoriya astronomii i kosmologii]. Transl. from Eng. K. V. Ivanov. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. 1104 p. (In Russ.).
12. Еllis, G. F. R. (1989). The expanding Universe: A history of cosmology from 1917 to 1960. In: Einstein and the history of general relativity. Ed. by D. Howard, J. Stachel. Boston, Basel, Berlin: Birkhaeuser. P. 367–431.
13. Belen’kii, A. (2012). «Vody, v kotorye ya vstupayu, ne peresekal eshche nikto». Aleksandr Fridman i istoki sovremennoi kosmologii [“No one has crossed the waters I am entering yet.” Alexander Friedman and the origins of modern cosmology]. Science First Hand. No. 5 (47). P. 6–25. (In Russ.).
14. Fok, V. A. (1963). Raboty A.A. Fridmana po teorii tyagoteniya Einshteina [A.A. Friedman’s works on Einstein’s theory of gravitation]. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. Vol. 80, issue 3. P. 353–356. (In Russ.).
15. Vizgin, V. P. (1989). Rol’ matematiki v vospriyatii fundamental’nykh fizicheskikh teorii (na materiale teorii otnositel’nosti i kvantovoi mekhaniki v Rossii i SSSR) [The role of mathematics in the perception of fundamental physical theories (based on the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics in Russia and the USSR)]. Istoriko-matematicheskie issledovaniya. Issue 31. P. 75–88. (In Russ.).
16. Polak, L. S. (1966). Zhizn’ i nauchnoe tvorchestvo A. A. Fridmana [The life and scientific work of A. A. Friedman]. In: Fridman, A. A. Izbrannye Trudy [Selected works]. Moscow: Nauka publ. P. 427–447. (In Russ.).
17. Ivanenko, D. D. (1994). Epokha Dzhordzha Gamova glazami sovremennika [The Era of George Gamow through the eyes of a contemporary]. In: Gamov, G. (1994). My World Line. An Informal Autobiography [Russ. ed.: Moya mirovaya liniya: Neformal’naya avtobiografiya]. Transl. from Eng. Ju. I. Lisnevskii. Moscow: Nauka publ. P. 231–292. (In Russ.).
18. Frederiks, V. K. (1921). Obshchii printsip otnositel’nosti Einshteina [Einstein’s general principle of relativity]. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. Vol. 2, issue 2. P. 162–188. (In Russ.).
19. Fridman, A. A. (1923). Mir kak prostranstvo i vremya [The world as space and time]. Peterburg: Academia. 131 p. (In Russ.).
20. Kasavin, I. T. (2019). Virtue epistemology: on the 40th anniversary of the turn in analytical philosophy. Epistemology & Philosophy of Science. Vol. 56, no. 3. P. 6–19. DOI: 10.5840/eps201956341 (In Russ.).
21. Karimov, A. R. (2019). Epistemologiya dobrodetelei [Epistemology of virtues]. St‑Petersburg: Aleteia publ. 590 p. (In Russ.).
22. Epistemology & Philosophy of Science (2021). Vol. 58, no. 4. 227 p. (In Russ.).
23. Vizgin, V. P. (2021). Albert Einstein’s epistemic virtues and vices. Epistemology & Philosophy of Science. Vol. 58, no. 4. P. 175–195. DOI: 10.5840/eps202158468 (In Russ.).
24. Gorelik, G. E. (2013). Kto izobrel sovremennuyu fiziku? Ot mayatnika Galileya do kvantovoi gravitatsii [Who invented modern physics? From Galileo’s pendulum to quantum gravity]. Moscow: AST: CORPUS publ. 334 p. (In Russ.).
25. Vizgin, V. P. (2019). S. I. Vavilov: «…na oshibkakh vyrastaet nauka» [S.I. Vavilov: “... science grows on mistakes”]. Issledovaniya po istorii fiziki i mekhaniki. 2016–2018 [Research on the history of physics and mechanics. 2016–2018]. Moscow: Janus. P. 287–318. (In Russ.).
26. Weinberg, S. (2005). Einstein’s mistakes. Physics Today. Vol. 58, no. 10. P. 31–35.
27. Livio, M. (2015). Ot Darvina do Einshteina: Velichaishie oshibki genial’nykh uchenykh, kotorye izmenili nashe ponimanie zhizni i Vselennoi [From Darwin to Einstein: The greatest mistakes of brilliant scientists who changed our understanding of life and the universe]. Moscow: AST publ. 628 p. (In Russ.).
28. Dyson, F. (2017). Dreams of Earth and sky [Russ. ed.: Mechty o Zemle i nebe]. St-Petersburg. 368 p. (In Russ.).
29. Bronshtein, M. P. (1931). Sovremennoe sostoyanie relyativistskoi kosmologii [The current state of relativistic cosmology]. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk. Vol. 11, issue 1. P. 124–184. (In Russ.).
30. Vizgin, V. P. and Tomilin, K. A. (2019). Vikhri i turbulentnosti v vospriyatii i razvitii teorii otnositel’nosti v SSSR [Vortices and turbulence in the perception and development of the theory of relativity in the USSR]. In: Vikhrevaya dinamika razvitiya nauki i tekhniki. SSSR/Rossiya. Vtoraya polovina XX veka. Vol. III [Vortex dynamics of the development of science and technology. USSR/Russia. The second half of the twentieth century. Vol. III]. Moscow: IHST RAS; Saratov: Amirit publ. P. 270–334. (In Russ.).
31. Weinberg, S. (1981). The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe [Russ. ed.: Pervye tri minuty: sovremennyi vzglyad na proiskhozhdenie Vselennoi]. Moscow: Energoizdat publ. 208 p. (In Russ.).
32. Vizgin, V. P. (2014). Teoriya otnositel’nosti za predelami tochnogo estestvoznaniya: Rossiya, 1920-e gody [The Theory of relativity beyond the Limits of Exact Natural Science: Russia, 1920s]. In: Issledovaniya po istorii fiziki i mekhaniki. 2012-2013 [Research on the history of physics and mechanics. 2012-2013]. Moscow: Fizmatlit. P. 155–191. (In Russ.).
33. Vizgin, V. P. (2017). Istoriko-nauchnyi kommentarii k poeme M.A. Voloshina «Putyami Kaina. Tragediya material’noi kul’tury» [Historical and scientific commentary on the poem by M.A. Voloshin “The Ways of Cain. The Tragedy of material culture”]. Metafizika. No. 2 (24). P. 114–137. (In Russ.).
34. Kozhevnikov, A. B. (2019). Kul’turnaya sreda teorii Bol’shogo vzryva [The cultural environment of the Big Bang Theory]. Stimul. September 11. URL: stimul.online/articles/science-and-technology/kulturnaya-sreda-teorii-bolshogo-vzryva/ (accessed 26.04.2019). (In Russ.).
Article
Received: 01.04.2022
Accepted: 27.06.2022
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Vizgin, V. P. (2022). The Expanding Universe: at the Crossroads of Historical and Scientific Concepts (to the 100th Anniversary of the Discovery of A. A. Fridman). Science Management: Theory and Practice, 4(2), 233-256. https://doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2022.4.2.19
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Historical Experience
